INDEX to Esther Leslie, Walter Benjamin; Overpowering Conformism, Pluto Press, London 2000
Adorno, Gretel – see Karplus, Gretel
Adorno, Theodor, 47, 66, 75, 103, 116, 119, 121–2, 132, 150, 171, 193, 203, 212, 217, 226–7
---analysis of Little Nell, 10–11
---Benjamin, view of, 73
---compares Benjamin to Lenin, 166
---Composing for the Films, xii–xiii
advertisments, 115, 182–3, 191
alchemy, 108, 109
alienation, 86
allegory, 199
Angelus Novus, 7, 202–3, 209
Anti-Nazism, 96, 123–4, 169–71
Arago, François, 49
Aragon, Louis, 24, 102, 116, 174, 186
architecture, 112
Arendt, Hannah, 219, 221–2
armaments, 1, 5, 28–31, 52, 146
Arnheim, Rudolph, 132
Arnoux, Alexandre, 132
Arp, Hans, 22
art, 95, 118
---autonomy threatened by the market, 138
---critique of, 99
---degenerate, 44–5
---end of, 143
art for art’s sake (l’art pour l’art), 20–1, 29, 91, 138, 184, 189
Art Nouveau, 108–112
artists, 97
---technology and, 87
Arvatov, Boris, 90
Atget, Eugène, 55, 59, 146
augury, 48–9
aura, 31, 50–2, 55–6, 114, 136, 145–6, 149, 181, 208–9
author, role of, 94
autobiography, 78
---critique of, 71
avant-garde, 188
Balzac, Honoré de, 120
base and superstructure, 104–5, 120
Battleship Potemkin, 46
Baudelaire, Charles, 27, 111–13, 178, 180, 183, 184, 189–90, 192, 200
Bauman, Zygmunt, 214–15, 216–18, 225
Becher, Johannes, 101, 129
Benjamin, Dora, 28, 208
Benjamin, Walter
---academia, views on, 218–19
---adolescence and, 78
---Aktualität, ix–x
---anti-Stalinism, viii
---as unsplit theoretically, 234
---British reception of, 220
---childhood and, 52–3, 68–9, 72, 73–4, 80, 87
---Communist Party and, 14–16, 23, 43, 96, 98, 123–9, 167, 212–13, 227, 230
---conflicting interpretations of, 213
---Detlef Holz pseudonym, 41
---historical materialism, viii, 172–3, 227
---imitating Marx, 75
---Marxism and, xiv, 3, 7, 24–5, 33, 44, 64, 74, 104–5, 121, 133, 136, 150, 153, 155, 167, 171–6, 179–182, 196–7, 205–6, 216, 222–3, 226–8
---Moscow visit, 14,
---pessimism of, 24
---philosophy, views on, 223
---studies of, 219–25
---suicide and, 215, 216–7, 248, 272
---Trotsky and, 228–234
---‘A Tour of German Inflation’, 9
---Berliner Chronik, 66–9, 72–3, 75, 77, 79–83, 87
---Berliner Kindheit um neunzehnhundert, 65, 68, 76
---‘Betting Shop’, 64
---Collected Writings, vi
---‘Daguerre oder die Panoramen’, 102
---'Das bucklichte Männlein', 82
---‘Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit’, 130–167, 168, 208, 220, 257
---‘Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire’, 178, 193
---‘Der Autor als Produzent’, 92–100, 120, 123, 204, 220
---‘Der destruktive Charakter’, 22, 43
---‘Der Sürrealismus’, 13–14, 20–6, 29, 36–7, 49, 71-
---Deutsche Menschen, 41
---‘Die Waffen von morgen’, 1
---‘Dreizehn Thesen wider Snobisten’, 28
---‘Eduard Fuchs, der Sammler und der Historiker’, xiv, 134, 174, 176–7
---Einbahnstraße, 2–9, 11, 44, 64–6, 210
---‘Erfahrung und Armut’, 38, 43, 84
---‘Erwiderung an Oscar A.H. Schmitz’, 57, 83
---‘Feuermelder’, 4
---'Friedensware', 28
---Gesammelte Schriften, vi
---‘Imperial Panorama’, 65
---‘James Ensor wird 70 Jahre’, 36
---‘Karl Kraus’, 23, 27, 33, 69–70
---‘Kleine Geschichte der Photographie’, 46–62, 70, 80–1, 86–8, 117, 145, 152–3, 209–210
---‘Kommentare zu Gedichten von Brecht’, 169
---‘Mirror File’, 103
---Moskauer Tagebuch, 14
---‘Neue Dichtung in Ruáland’, 16
---‘New Poetry in Russia’, 229
---‘Nochmals: Die vielen Soldaten’, 32, 36
---‘Optician’, 65
---‘Pariser Brief II’, 138---Passagenwerk, 2, 10, 23, 37, 40, 42, 63, 70–1, 73–5, 78, 81–2, 83–4, 90–2, 102, 107–8, 113, 115–16, 119–22, 123, 140, 150, 154, 161, --164, 168, 176, 178, 181, 185, 204, 214
---‘Stereoscope’, 65–6
---‘Strenge Kunstwissenschaft’, 98
---‘Tankstelle’, 3–4, 25, 41
---‘The ring of Saturn or something on ironwork’, 112
---‘Theater und Rundfunk’, 85
---‘Theorien des deutschen Faschismus’, 29, 34, 36, 134, 164
---‘Traumkitsch’, 8, 11–12, 75
---‘Über das mimetische Vermögen’, 154
---‘Über den Begriff der Geschichte’, vii, 168–207, 211–12
---‘Über einige Motive bei Baudelaire’, 131, 168, 180
---Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels, 2
---‘Zentralpark’, 183, 199
---‘Zum Bilde Prousts’, 21
---‘Zum gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Standort des französischen Schriftstellers’, 131
---‘Zum Planetarium’, 5, 8, 26, 29, 35, 36, 64, 182
---‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’, 171, 223
---‘Zur Lage der russischen Filmkunst’, 83
Bensaïd, Daniel, 228
Berger, John, 220
Berman, Marshall, 245
Bernstein, Henry, 192
Blanqui, Auguste, 131, 180–1
Bloch, Ernst, 29, 82, 213, 216, 121
Bloßfeldt, Carl, 58
Blum, Leon, 124, 126
Borchardt, Rudolf, 63
Brecht, Bertolt, 3, 11, 47–8, 85–7, 97–8, 116, 127–9, 132, 147–8, 171, 199, 203, 207, 209, 213, 215–18, 226, 226–7, 232, 234–5
Breitscheid, Rudolf, 229
Brentano, Bernard von, 51
Breton, André, 21, 147
Brik, Osip, 19
Brill, Hans Klaus, 130
Büchner, Georg, 13
Bukharin, Nikolai, 13
Cézanne, Paul, 138
Chaplin, Charlie, 137
chemical weapons, 1, 5, 28
chignon, 107, 180
childhood, 71–2, 76
cinema, 46, 54, 61, 63, 67, 82, 83–4, 85–8, 91, 94, 102, 106, 118–19, 136–45, 149, 151–7, 162
class, as concept denied by Hitler and Stalin, 126
class struggle, viii
Claudel, Paul, 191–2
Cliff, Tony, 255
clutter, ix, 11, 55, 72, 75, 148
Cocteau, Jean, 192
Cohn, Alfred, 147–8
Colette, 192
collective unconscious, 72, 120
Comintern, 94, 96, 100, 123–4, 170
commodity fetishism, 9, 66, 106–7, 115–6, 183, 192–5
Communist Manifesto, 37
Communist Party, 14–16, 23, 43, 96, 98, 123–9, 167, 212–13, 227, 230
conformism, vii–viii, 212
Congress for the Defence of Culture, 147
conscience-communism, 96
critics, role of, 94
Croisset, Francis de, 192
Cubism, 12–3, 138, 154
Cunow, Heinrich, 89
cyber theory, x
Dada, 22, 117–18, 137, 140–2
Dante, Alighieri, 63
Darwinism, x, 177, 179
David, Jacques Louis, 102
Dawes Plan, 39
Debord, Guy, 155–6
Derrida, Jacques, 223–5
Dickens, Charles, 10–11
Die literarische Welt, 46, 50
Dietzgen, Josef, 176–7
Dimitrov, Georgi, 124
Disdéri, André Adolphe Eugène, 191
Disney, Walt, 86, 155
Döblin, Alfred, 43, 58, 95
Doriot movement, 125
Dorziat, Gabrielle, 192
dreams, 21, 58, 64, 71, 82, 105, 121–2, 141
Du Camp, Maxine, 174, 180
Duhamel, Georges, 14, 132
Duncker, Hermann, 178
Eagleton, Terry, 228, 241
Eisenstein, Sergei, 46, 65–6
Eisler, Hanns, xii–xiii
Engels, Friedrich, 37, 89, 174, 178, 187, 204, 206
Enlightenment, 6, 108, 178
Ensor, James, 36
Erfahrung, 21, 38, 43, 182–3
Erlebnis, 38, 183
everyday life, 187–90
Expressionism, 60
false consciousness, 33
fascism, 25–6, 36–8, 96, 102, 119, 123, 131, 132–3, 136–7, 161, 162–7
---proto-fascism, 31
Ernest Mandel on, 230–1
fashion, 82, 95, 106–108, 113, 119, 180
---intellectual, 219, 221–2
Faure, Elie, 101
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 6
Filonov, Pavel Nikolaevich, 97
Fischer, Hugo, 40, 200
flâneur, 22, 71–2, 79, 104, 106, 183–5, 190, 194, 219
Flaubert, Gustave, 188
Fomin, Ivan A., 196
forces and relations of production, xi–xiii, 53–4, 97
Ford, Henry, 39
Fourier, Charles, 35, 161, 176–7
fractal, 98–9
Franco, General, 170
Frank, Waldo, 147
Frankfurt School, 217, 220
---its suppression of revolutionary Marxist terms, 130–2, 200
French Revolution (1789), 186, 203
Freud, Sigmund, 70, 81, 121, 183
---Benjamin and Trotsky both interested in, 233
Freund, Gisèle, 110, 208
Fuchs, Eduard, xiv, 134, 174, 176–7
Futurism, 112
Gabor, Andor, 128
gambling, 106, 113
Gasché, Rodolphe, 223, 273
gas warfare, 1, 5, 28–31, 146
George, Stefan, 26
German Revolution (1919), 6, 36, 44
Geschichtsphilosophie, 177
Glück, Gustav, 38
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 6, 17, 65, 108–9
gramophone, 85–7
Gramsci, Antonio, 39–40
graphology, 64
Great Exhibition, 125–6
Greenaway, Kate, 12
Greenberg, Clement, 186
Grosz, Georg, 19
Habermas, Jürgen, 225
Hague Convention, 1
Hamann, Johann Georg, 221
Hasenclever, Walter, 229
hate, 200, 234
Haussmann, Baron, 120
Heartfield, John, 199
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 13, 91, 143, 158, 186, 203–4
Heidegger, Martin, 129, 219, 221–2, 224
Heine, Heinrich, 143
Heinle, Fritz, 76–8
Heraclitus, 235
Hessel, Franz, 68, 71–2, 116, 217
hieroglyphics, 49
Hilferding, Rudolf, 229
Hiller, Kurt, 96
historical materialism, 172
historicism, 195–7
history films, 146
history, 83
Hitler, Adolf, viii, 125, 165, 169, 217, 226, 231
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, ix, 28, 62, 217
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 222
Holz, Detlef - see Benjamin, Walter
Honneth, Axel, 225
Horkheimer, Max, 116, 185, 130–1, 133, 169, 191, 192, 201, 212, 218, 226
Hugenberg, Alfred, 165
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 221
I.G. Farben, 1, 24
image, 24–5, 82, 121–2, 171–5, 198–9, 201
imperialism, 7, 85, 32, 131, 135
individualism, 71
industrial labour, 182
intoxication (Rausch), 21–2, 25, 26, 29, 71, 109
Iofan, Boris, 125–6
James, C.L.R., 203–4
Jameson, Fredric, 226
Jaurès, Jean, 175
Jay, Martin, 225
Joel, Charlotte, 208
journalism, 69–70, 74, 94, 104
Joyce, James, 96, 102, 185
Judaism, xiii, 44, 220–1
Jung, Carl, 104
Jünger, Ernst, 26–9
Kafka, Franz, 53, 110–12
Kaiser Wilhelm, 203
Kant, Immanuel, 32, 117, 221, 223
Karavan, Dani, 215
Karplus, Gretel, 116, 129, 169, 198, 207, 217
Kautsky, Karl, 89, 177
kitsch, 8, 11–13, 21, 75
Klee, Paul, 86, 202–3, 209
Klossowski, Pierre, 130
Kolli, Nikolai, 196
Konersmann, Ralf, 213
Korsch, Karl, 40, 89, 97, 175–6, 215, 232
Kracauer, Siegfried, ix, 33, 48, 105, 138, 162, 165, 217
Kraft, Werner, 132, 133
Kraus, Karl, 23, 27, 33, 69–70
Kreatur, 18
Krivitsky, Walter, 229
Krull, Germaine, 59, 208
Krupps, 61, 87
Kurella, Alfred, 127–8
Lacis, Asja, 3, 14, 47, 66, 116, 217
Lautréamont, Isidore Ducasse Comte de, 186
Lavinskii, Anton, 90
League of Nations, 96
leap, the, 203–4
Lebensphilosophie, 26
Le Bon, Gustave, 166
Lef, 116
Lefebvre, Henri, 185
Léger, Ferdnand, 102
Lenin, Vladimir, 14, 166, 167, 175, 195–6, 203–4, 206, 210
---cult of, 18
Leyda, Jay, 130
Lhote, André, 138
Lieb, Fritz, 125, 217
Liebknecht, Karl, 169
Lissagaray, Hippolyte, 180
literary freedom, 128–9
litter, 21
Long, Emile, 107
Loos, Adolf, 86, 92, 229
Louvre, 191
Löwy, Michael, 228, 274
Lukács, Georg, 3, 9, 34, 42–3, 45, 75, 89, 91, 127–8, 147, 230
---denounced by Brecht as a Stalinist, 128
---rejection of photography, 103
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 195–6
Lury, Celia, 262
Luxemburg, Rosa, 34, 169, 243
MacOrlan, Pierre, 188
magic, xiii, 6, 76, 26, 108, 119, 136, 162, 246
Malraux, André, 147
Man, Paul de, 222
Mandel, Ernest, 230–1
marijuana, 219–20
Markner, Reinhard, 220
Marx, Karl, 33, 64, 150–1, 155, 184, 167, 186, 204, 206, 153, 178
---base and superstructure, 104–5
---bohemians, views on, 187–8
---childhood, views on, 73–4
---Derrida on, 224
---everyday life, views on, 187–8
---progress, views on, 178
---proletarian self-emancipation, views on, viii
---prostitution, views on, 114
---Communist Manifesto, 37, 45–6
---‘Critique of the Gotha Programme’, 175–6
---Das Kapital, 8, 40, 64, 106, 109, 115–16, 181, 187–8, 197
---Grundrisse, 197–8
---The German Ideology, 105
Marx-Steinschneider, Kitty, 216
mass media, 69–70, 74
materialism, ix, xiii, 24, 33, 64, 132, 161, 234
---anthropological, 13, 150, 161
---mechanistic, 13–14, 161, 173
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 20
McRobbie, Angela, 220
Mehring, Franz, 214, 222, 230
melancholy, critique of, 213–14
memory, 71–3, 79–82
---of the nameless, 195
Michel, Louise, 180
Mickey Mouse, 38, 86
mimesis, 116–7, 154–5
mirrors, 103–4, 121
modernity, 46
Moholy-Nagy, László, 67, 70
montage, 60, 70, 98, 102, 117–9, 142, 171
Morlay, Gaby, 192
Mukhina, Vera, 126
music, 83
Muybridge, Eadweard, 140
mysticism, xiii, 48, 234
myth, 29, 74, 80, 114, 157, 181, 241
Napoleon III, 184, 189
nature, 91, 177
Naturphilosophie, 6, 50, 63
Naville, Pierre, 14, 24
Nazi-Soviet (Ribbentrop-Molotov) pact, 127, 169, 229
Nazism, 101, 125–6, 135, 157–8, 162–7, 223, 234
Mandel on, 230–1
NEP (New Economic Policy), 15, 18–19
new, the, 111–13
New Objectivity, 59–60, 95, 100
newspapers, 69–70, 74, 94–6
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 13, 110, 112, 117, 224
---eternal return, concept of, 180–81
Nizan, Paul, 185, 189, 191
Novalis, 6
novel, the, 42–3, 94, 97
objectivity, 75, 103, 140, 253
---as promise of photography, 47
optical-unconscious, 57, 62, 70, 156
Ottwald, Ernst, 147
pacifism, 96
Panofsky, Erwin, 46
panoramas, 102, 137
Papen, Franz von, 165
paper money, 109
Paris Commune, 180, 214, 232
Pasternak, Boris, 147
pastiche, 107
people, the, concept deployed by Hitler and Stalin, 126
pessimism, organisation of, 24
petit bourgeoisie, 166–7
Pfau, Ludwig, 174
phantasmagoria, 106, 115, 192–3
photography, 46–62, 76, 80–3, 87, 95, 102–3, 106, 117
Picasso, Pablo, 148–9
Pirandello, Luigi, 151–2
Plekhanov, Georgi, 230
police, 119
Popova, Lyubov, 90
Popular Front, 94, 124–6, 131, 147–8, 167, 233
positivism, 134
progress, viii, 45, 168–170, 177–9, 195, 204, 230–1
---Benjamin’s critique of, 174–7
---Marx and Engels on, 178
proletkult, 15–16
prostitution, 77, 78, 106, 114–15, 188
Marx on, 114
psychogeography, 70–71
Radek, Karl, 17, 101
radio, 54, 78, 85, 87, 93, 186
Rang, Florens Christian, 29, 217
Raphael, Max, 74, 136
rationalism, 96
Rausch, 21–2, 29
Ray, Man, 47, 59
redemption, vii–viii, 45, 200, 202–3
reflection theory, 104–6, 116
Reich, Bernd, 15
reification, 9–10, 115
revolution, vii–viii, 6, 44, 36–8, 122, 124–5, 151, 169, 174–5
Richter, Hans, 141
Riegl, Alois, 43
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 28
Rimbaud, Arthur, 13, 186
Rodchenko, Alexander, 90, 97, 210
Rolland, Romain, 148
Romanticism, 6, 97
Rose, Gillian, 225
Rosemont, Franklin, 239
Ruge, Alfred, 64, 121
Russian Revolution (1917), 233
Ruttmann, Walter, 67
Rychner, Max, 44, 221
Saint-Simonians, 115, 119, 174
Sander, August, 58–9
Schapiro, Meyer, 101
Scheerbart, Paul, 86, 177
Schein/Spiel distinction, 143–4
Schelling, Friedrich, 50, 160
Scholem, Gerhard-Gershom, xiv, 3, 23–4, 40–41, 43–4, 81, 116, 123–4, 169, 171, 173, 216, 217, 220–2, 224, 226–7
Schwitters, Kurt, 146
second nature, 91
Sedlmayr, Hans, 98–9
Seidel, Alfred, 35
Seligson, Rika, 77–8
Serge, Victor, 126, 201, 229
Shklovsky, Viktor, 90
shock, 81, 183
show trials, 147
similes, 24
Simmel, Georg, 9, 113
Situationist International, 71, 155–6
Slaughter, Cliff, 228
snapshot, 210
social democracy, 200, 231
---its confused concept of progress, 177–9
---its inability to prevent fascism, 169–70
socialism or barbarism, 4
socialist realism, 101–2, 117, 138, 258
Sontag, Susan, 208
Sorel, Georges, 26, 171, 175
Sotnikov, Aleksei, 90
Soviet Union, viii, 14–20, 89–90, 100–1, 94, 127–9, 138, 147
Soviet-Nazi (Molotov-Ribbentrop) pact, 127, 169, 229
Spanish Civil War, 126, 170
Spartakus rebellion, viii, 169
Spartakusbund, 134
Speer, Albert, 125
Speyer, Wilhelm, 217
Stalin, Josef, viii, 14–16, 123, 125, 127, 169, 217
Stalinism, 101, 125–6, 127–9, 231
star cult, 136
state, the need to smash, 77
Steffin, Grete, 178
Stepanova, Varvara, 90
Stone, Sascha, 4, 210
Strindberg, August, 110, 169
subjectivity, as political issue, 70
Suetin, Nikolai, 90
surrealism, 13–14, 20–26, 29, 49, 59, 63–4, 120, 186, 191, 233
Szondi, Peter, 79
tactility, 150–1
Tatlin, Vladimir, 90
Taylorism, 39, 118–9, 154, 160, 185
Technik, passim
---a descriptive history, 73–9
---defined, xii
---techno-determinism, Benjamin not guilty of, 161–2
technology fetishism, x, 174
teeth, 71
telepathy, reading as, 64
theatre, 94, 139, 234–5
theology, 172–3, 201–2
Thieme, Karl, 126
Third International, 96
Third Period, 123, 170
throne rooms, 54
time, 198
Togliatti, Palmiro, 124
torture chambers, 54
tradition, 45
---communist debates about, 147
---Trotsky on, 232
Traverso, Enzo, 228
Tretyakov, Sergei, 90, 93–4, 99–100, 160
Trotsky, Leon, 14–17, 96, 123–5, 127
---Benjamin and, 228–234
---surrealism and, 233
---Literature and Revolution, 16–17, 19, 20, 232, 233
---The War and the International, 35
turban, decline of, 107
Tzara, Tristan, 22, 46–7
United Front, 123–4
unpalatable writing, as critique of power, 43–4
Unruh, Fritz von, 28
utopia, 121–2, 157–9
Valéry, Paul, 113, 132
Vertov, Dziga, 19, 61–2
Vogt, Karl, 13
war, 1–2, 4, 5–7, 26–38, 69, 76, 77–8, 84–5, 96, 111, 135, 157, 163
Watson, Ben, 257, 265
Weber, Thomas, 220
Weill, Kurt, 38
Western Marxism, 9–10
Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, 56
Wohlfahrt, Irving, 225
Wolff, Janet, 225
Wölfflin, Heinrich, 46
workers press, 95–6
Zalezhski, Vladimir, 206
Zhdanov, Andrei, 138
Zinoviev, Grigori, 15
Zuckmayer, Carl, 30